The Physics of Lasers
Fig. 4.1 Electromagnetic spectrum of radiations In the visible and invisible infrared spectrum of light, we find the majority of the wavelengths used in dentistry (Fig. 4.2). Fig. 4.2 Lasers…
Photoactivated Disinfection
Fig. 7.1 Activation of a photosensitizer (S) by light (hν) to triplet state (*S) and reaction with oxygen (O2) or other substrate (R) in Type I and II photo processes…
Root Canal Catheterization
Relationships of the pulp chamber to the clinical crown Law of centrality: the floor of the pulp chamber is always located in the center of the tooth at the level…
Root Canal Obturation
Easily manipulated with ample working time Radiopaque and easily discernible on radiographs Dimensionally stable with no shrinkage once inserted Seals the canals laterally and apically conforming to the canal anatomy…
Endodontic Microsurgery
Fig 13.1 Clinical radiographs and photographs showing endodontic cases which have failed despite attempts at treatment. (a) Missed anatomy, (b) persistent disease despite well-obturated canal system, (c) overextension resulting in…
Root Resorption
Fig. 16.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating (a, b) external inflammatory root resorption associated with apical pathosis, (c) external replacement resorption, (d) internal root resorption, (e) orthodontic pressure root resorption, and (f)…
Non-surgical Root Canal Retreatment
Fig. 10.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating inadequate root canal fillings with or without poor coronal restorations. Note (a) well-fitting post and core restoration with untreated MB2 and poorly treated MB1, DB,…
Restoration of the Endodontically Treated Tooth
Fig. 17.1 Clinical photographs and radiographs showing pre-endodontic restorability and periodontal assessment considerations. Note: (a–c) tooth 17 presented with gross buccal caries extending subgingivally. A crown-lengthening procedure was not possible…
Non-surgical Root Canal Treatment
Fig. 4.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating (a) immediate post-operative view of non-surgical root canal treatment of tooth 47 treated over the course of two visits using an intra-canal medicament. Preparation was…
Access Preparation
Fig. 1.1 Note (a) and (b) clinical periapical radiographs demonstrating nonsurgical root canal treatment of tooth 25. Note they reveal limited two-dimensional view of the true three-dimensional image. Insert shows…
