Key points • Diagnostic imaging is an essential component for the optimal management of maxillofacial trauma. • Plain film radiography has a limited role, today, in the diagnostic imaging of…

Key points • Virtual surgical planning allows the surgeon to operate more efficiently, reduces anesthetic duration and operating room costs, and enables visualization of anatomic structures during the presurgical planning…

Key points • The main objectives in treating naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures include management of the medial canthal tendon to restore the intercanthal distance, restoration of collapsed nasal projection and orbital…

Key points • Skin expansion as an alternative for head and neck reconstruction. • Where to place expanders in the head and neck. • How to place expanders in the…

Key points • Principles of wound decontamination, not actual debridement of tissue, should be reinforced to prevent loss of anterior/posterior and/or horizontal projections of the soft tissue. • The permanent…

Key points • Orbital fractures are among the most common facial fractures sustained among adolescents and adults. • The surgical decision making in management of orbital fractures is largely dependent…

Key points • Most soft tissue wound closures may be performed in a delayed fashion with predictable results as long as wounds are decontaminated and kept clean and moist. •…

Key points • Rigid fixation for maxillofacial fractures has been in use for over the last 40 years. • The concept of rigid fixation uses hardware in the form of bone…

Key points • Mandibular trauma with or without condylar fractures can affect the temporomandibular joint. • Almost all condylar fractures in children and most of them in adults can be…

Key points • Nasal bone fractures are the most common facial fractures in adult patients with trauma. • The nasal complex comprises underlying nasal mucosa and turbinates, upper and lower…

Key points • An adequate understanding of the pertinent anatomy of the head and neck is necessary to successfully diagnose and treat injuries of the facial and trigeminal nerves. •…

Key points • Association between temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and sleep disturbances, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is well documented, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. • Comprehensive diagnostic workup is…

Key points • Congenital craniofacial abnormalities are rare but often correctable causes of obstructive sleep apnea. • Robin sequence and syndromic craniosynostosis are the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies associated…

Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has remained a reliable and highly effective surgical intervention since its introduction in 1989. Modifications have been made to…

Key points • The airway of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients has been shown to be smaller in the lateral dimension and retropalatal region. • Palatopharyngoplasty can be performed alone…

Key points • Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common disorder that affects 2% to 4% of men and 1% to 2% of women between the ages of 30…

Key points • Tongue base is one of the most common sites of upper airway obstruction in patients with persistent obstructive sleep apnea after removal of adenoids and palatine tonsils….

Key points • Obstructive sleep apnea is underdiagnosed in Canada. • Canadian sleep specialists are reluctant to propose maxillomandibular advancement (MMA). • The Canadian public health insurance covers expenses related…

Key points • Genioglossus advancement with or without genioplasty is technique used as part of multilevel treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. • Many modifications have been described to tailor the…