Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Infraorbital rim
The upper midface skeleton has direct and indirect influences on the appearance of the face and, particularly, the eyes. The relationship between the globe and the orbital rims will determine…
Internal orbit
The size and shape of the internal orbit determines orbital volume and the position of the eye. An increase in orbital volume results in enophthalmos – the recession of the…
Pyriform aperture
A relative deficiency in lower midface projection may be congenital or acquired, particularly after cleft surgery and maxillary fractures. Since the majority of white faces are convex, midface concavity is…
Cranioplasty
Cranioplasty is performed to restore the integrity and appearance of the skull. This most often involves the reconstruction of full-thickness skeletal defects. Cranioplasty may also be performed to normalize or…
Temporal augmentation
Concavity in the temporal area is often referred to as “temporal hollowing.” It reflects a deficiency in the bulk of the temporalis muscle, the temporal fat pad, and/or an underlying…
Implant materials
The craniofacial skeleton can be reconstructed with both autogenous bone and alloplastic implants. Alloplastic implants are used only as onlay grafts to the native skeleton to improve facial contour and…
Principles and operative technique for facial skeletal augmentation
This chapter presents the principles and basic steps of the senior author’s operative technique for implant augmentation of the facial skeleton. Preparation In anticipation of implant surgery, steps to minimize…
Evaluation and planning for facial implant surgery
Physical examination is the most important element of preoperative assessment and planning for both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. Reviewing photographic images with the patient can be helpful when discussing aesthetic…
Indications for facial implants
The shape of the human face is composed of a skeletal bony framework that is covered by a soft tissue envelope. Overall, skeletal proportions are probably the most important component…
Diagnostic Imaging of the Maxillofacial Trauma Patient
Key points • Diagnostic imaging is an essential component for the optimal management of maxillofacial trauma. • Plain film radiography has a limited role, today, in the diagnostic imaging of…
Virtual Surgical Planning in Maxillofacial Trauma
Key points • Virtual surgical planning allows the surgeon to operate more efficiently, reduces anesthetic duration and operating room costs, and enables visualization of anatomic structures during the presurgical planning…
Management of Panfacial, Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid and Frontal Sinus Fractures
Key points • The main objectives in treating naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures include management of the medial canthal tendon to restore the intercanthal distance, restoration of collapsed nasal projection and orbital…
Tissue Expansion in the Head and Neck
Key points • Skin expansion as an alternative for head and neck reconstruction. • Where to place expanders in the head and neck. • How to place expanders in the…
Avulsive Soft Tissue Injuries
Key points • Principles of wound decontamination, not actual debridement of tissue, should be reinforced to prevent loss of anterior/posterior and/or horizontal projections of the soft tissue. • The permanent…
Management of Orbital Fractures
Key points • Orbital fractures are among the most common facial fractures sustained among adolescents and adults. • The surgical decision making in management of orbital fractures is largely dependent…
Delaying Soft Tissue Repair
Key points • Most soft tissue wound closures may be performed in a delayed fashion with predictable results as long as wounds are decontaminated and kept clean and moist. •…
Concepts of Rigid Fixation in Facial Fractures
Key points • Rigid fixation for maxillofacial fractures has been in use for over the last 40 years. • The concept of rigid fixation uses hardware in the form of bone…
Temporomandibular Joint Trauma
Key points • Mandibular trauma with or without condylar fractures can affect the temporomandibular joint. • Almost all condylar fractures in children and most of them in adults can be…