Fig. 9.1 (a) A preoperative film of a maxillary cuspid with a perforation on the distal aspect of the coronal one-third. (b) The off-angle radiograph shows better the perforation. (c)…

Chief complaint Complaint in patient’s own words Medical history Medical causes of symptoms Medical condition: complexity in managing a patient Psychological condition: complexity in managing a patient Undiagnosed medical condition…

Fig. 6.1 Examples of cases of molar endodontics following the principles discussed in this chapter Clinical procedures outlined in this chapter are selected to serve their purpose in light of…

Fig. 10.1 Preoperatively and from the radiograph (left), this defect appeared localized and perhaps readily managed. However, after raising the flap (right), the full extent of the apicomarginal bone defect…

Fig. 1.1 Classification of multiple canals in one root by Weine et al. [6]. The original classification of four types was later expanded to the five configurations shown A more…

Fig. 7.1 Selection of clinical cases of molar endodontics with (a) a right mandibular first molar (46 FDI, #30 Universal) with inadequate root canal treatment, periapical lesions on both roots…

Fig. 4.1 The radiographic presentations are shown of a deep caries lesion versus an extremely deep lesion. (a) The deep lesion involves the pulpal quarter with a radiodense zone separating…

Fig. 5.1 Access cavity in maxillary first molar. (a) Conservative access, allowing straight-line access to main canals. Note cavity extension mesial for MB2 canal. (b) Access cavity and canal orifices…

Evaluation Signs of favorable outcome Checklist Subjective symptoms Asymptomatic, comfortable, and functional √ Restoration Good-quality restoration with no signs of caries √ Pulp sensitivity Normal positive response to thermal or…