Cleaning and Shaping Objectives
Fig. 3.1 Diagrammatic representation of the apical anatomy in a tooth (a) without apical root resorption and (b) a tooth with apical root resorption. Note (1) radiographic apex (dash line)…
Nonvital Bleaching
A. Extrinsic (i) Chromogenic diet (wine, coffee, tea) (ii) Tobacco (iii) Mouthrinses (iv) Plaque B. Intrinsic (i) Systemic causes Tetracycline staining Metabolic disorders (fluorosis, dystrophic calcification) Genetic (congenital erythropoietic porphyria, amelogenesis imperfecta,…
Traumatic Injuries
Dental hard tissue injury Enamel infraction Enamel fracture Enamel-dentine fracture (uncomplicated crown fracture) Enamel-dentine-pulp fracture (complicated crown fracture) Crown-root fracture without pulp exposure Crown-root fracture with pulp exposure Root fracture…
Irrigation and Disinfection
and cation and then forms an equilibrium with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is pH dependent (Fig. 5.1). Pure sodium hypochlorite has a pH of around 12 at which predominates [21]….
Iatrogenic Perforations
Fig. 12.1 Representing different levels of perforation and their associated prognosis. (a) A lateral perforation coronal to the attachment level can be included in the restoration, and provided a seal…
Intentional Replantation
Indications Failure of conventional endodontic therapy If conventional root canal treatment, retreatment and surgical treatments have failed and are deemed impossible to perform Anatomical limitations Proximity of the intended tooth…
Apexogenesis, Apexification, Revascularization and Endodontic Regeneration
Fig. 9.1 Showing treatment options for the management of immature permanent teeth according to stage of root development (i.e., complete or incomplete) Apexification is defined as a ‘method to induce…
Medicated Intra-pulpal Dressings
and ions resulting in bacterial cell protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less…
Endodontics in the Deciduous/Mixed Dentition
Fig. 8.1 Clinical management of reversible and irreversible pulpitis in the mixed/permanent dentition. Note if the apex is open, then root-end closure procedures or pulpal regeneration may be indicated to…
Separated Endodontic Instruments
Fig. 11.1 Clinical radiograph demonstrating various instrument fractures referred to specialist endodontic practice. Note (a) instrument inadvertently pushed beyond the confines of the canal after the general dental practitioner attempted…
