Pocket Dentistry

Easily manipulated with ample working time Radiopaque and easily discernible on radiographs Dimensionally stable with no shrinkage once inserted Seals the canals laterally and apically conforming to the canal anatomy…

Fig 13.1 Clinical radiographs and photographs showing endodontic cases which have failed despite attempts at treatment. (a) Missed anatomy, (b) persistent disease despite well-obturated canal system, (c) overextension resulting in…

Fig. 16.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating (a, b) external inflammatory root resorption associated with apical pathosis, (c) external replacement resorption, (d) internal root resorption, (e) orthodontic pressure root resorption, and (f)…

Fig. 10.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating inadequate root canal fillings with or without poor coronal restorations. Note (a) well-fitting post and core restoration with untreated MB2 and poorly treated MB1, DB,…

Fig. 17.1 Clinical photographs and radiographs showing pre-endodontic restorability and periodontal assessment considerations. Note: (a–c) tooth 17 presented with gross buccal caries extending subgingivally. A crown-lengthening procedure was not possible…

Fig. 4.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating (a) immediate post-operative view of non-surgical root canal treatment of tooth 47 treated over the course of two visits using an intra-canal medicament. Preparation was…

Fig. 1.1 Note (a) and (b) clinical periapical radiographs demonstrating nonsurgical root canal treatment of tooth 25. Note they reveal limited two-dimensional view of the true three-dimensional image. Insert shows…

Fig. 3.1 Diagrammatic representation of the apical anatomy in a tooth (a) without apical root resorption and (b) a tooth with apical root resorption. Note (1) radiographic apex (dash line)…

A. Extrinsic  (i)  Chromogenic diet (wine, coffee, tea)  (ii) Tobacco  (iii) Mouthrinses  (iv) Plaque B. Intrinsic  (i) Systemic causes    Tetracycline staining    Metabolic disorders (fluorosis, dystrophic calcification)    Genetic (congenital erythropoietic porphyria, amelogenesis imperfecta,…

Dental hard tissue injury  Enamel infraction  Enamel fracture  Enamel-dentine fracture (uncomplicated crown fracture)  Enamel-dentine-pulp fracture (complicated crown fracture)  Crown-root fracture without pulp exposure  Crown-root fracture with pulp exposure  Root fracture…

and cation and then forms an equilibrium with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is pH dependent (Fig. 5.1). Pure sodium hypochlorite has a pH of around 12 at which predominates [21]….

Fig. 12.1 Representing different levels of perforation and their associated prognosis. (a) A lateral perforation coronal to the attachment level can be included in the restoration, and provided a seal…

Indications  Failure of conventional endodontic therapy If conventional root canal treatment, retreatment and surgical treatments have failed and are deemed impossible to perform  Anatomical limitations Proximity of the intended tooth…

Fig. 9.1 Showing treatment options for the management of immature permanent teeth according to stage of root development (i.e., complete or incomplete) Apexification is defined as a ‘method to induce…

and ions resulting in bacterial cell protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less…

Fig. 8.1 Clinical management of reversible and irreversible pulpitis in the mixed/permanent dentition. Note if the apex is open, then root-end closure procedures or pulpal regeneration may be indicated to…

Fig. 11.1 Clinical radiograph demonstrating various instrument fractures referred to specialist endodontic practice. Note (a) instrument inadvertently pushed beyond the confines of the canal after the general dental practitioner attempted…

Quality of the endodontic treatment Quality of the coronal restoration % success (absence of peri-radicular inflammation (API)) Good Good 91.4 Good Poor 44.1 Poor Good 67.7 Poor Poor 18.1 A…