Fig. 1.1 Primary upper molar: radicular reabsorption starting in the apical area (arrows) Fig. 1.2 Primary lower molar: radicular reabsorption involving all the radicular portions from apical to coronal Fig….
Fig. 6.1 Draft representing the typical irradiation proposed for conventional laser endodontics; the fiber is positioned in a dry canal 1 mm shorter from the apex and is retracted with…
Fig. 5.1 Relative absorption in the visible electromagnetic spectrum of hemoglobin (Hb), oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), and melanin (Image courtesy of Giovanni Olivi, Rome, Italy) 5.2.2.1 Argon Laser Argon is a noble…
Fig. 10.1 Water absorption coefficient and penetration depth of different wavelengths In addition, the medium infrared lasers (2780–2940 nm) are absorbed also by water in the dentinal walls [28], creating…
Fig. 9.1 Schematic representation of the area of positioning of a probe of a laser Doppler flowmetry monitor. The probe is fixed in contact with the buccal surface of the…
Fig. 8.1 Deep recurrent decay Fig. 8.2 Caries removal using the Er:YAG laser Fig. 8.3 Placement of liner 8.3.3 Pulpotomy The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry defines this procedure as…
Fig. 3.1 Schematic representation of the discussed irrigation techniques. Sketches of the various manual (a, b) and automated (c–e) irrigation techniques. For positive pressure irrigation, (a) both the open-ended (left)…
Fig. 4.1 Electromagnetic spectrum of radiations In the visible and invisible infrared spectrum of light, we find the majority of the wavelengths used in dentistry (Fig. 4.2). Fig. 4.2 Lasers…
Fig. 7.1 Activation of a photosensitizer (S) by light (hν) to triplet state (*S) and reaction with oxygen (O2) or other substrate (R) in Type I and II photo processes…
Relationships of the pulp chamber to the clinical crown Law of centrality: the floor of the pulp chamber is always located in the center of the tooth at the level…
Easily manipulated with ample working time Radiopaque and easily discernible on radiographs Dimensionally stable with no shrinkage once inserted Seals the canals laterally and apically conforming to the canal anatomy…
Fig 13.1 Clinical radiographs and photographs showing endodontic cases which have failed despite attempts at treatment. (a) Missed anatomy, (b) persistent disease despite well-obturated canal system, (c) overextension resulting in…
Fig. 16.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating (a, b) external inflammatory root resorption associated with apical pathosis, (c) external replacement resorption, (d) internal root resorption, (e) orthodontic pressure root resorption, and (f)…
Fig. 10.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating inadequate root canal fillings with or without poor coronal restorations. Note (a) well-fitting post and core restoration with untreated MB2 and poorly treated MB1, DB,…
Fig. 17.1 Clinical photographs and radiographs showing pre-endodontic restorability and periodontal assessment considerations. Note: (a–c) tooth 17 presented with gross buccal caries extending subgingivally. A crown-lengthening procedure was not possible…
Fig. 4.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating (a) immediate post-operative view of non-surgical root canal treatment of tooth 47 treated over the course of two visits using an intra-canal medicament. Preparation was…
Fig. 1.1 Note (a) and (b) clinical periapical radiographs demonstrating nonsurgical root canal treatment of tooth 25. Note they reveal limited two-dimensional view of the true three-dimensional image. Insert shows…
Fig. 3.1 Diagrammatic representation of the apical anatomy in a tooth (a) without apical root resorption and (b) a tooth with apical root resorption. Note (1) radiographic apex (dash line)…
A. Extrinsic (i) Chromogenic diet (wine, coffee, tea) (ii) Tobacco (iii) Mouthrinses (iv) Plaque B. Intrinsic (i) Systemic causes Tetracycline staining Metabolic disorders (fluorosis, dystrophic calcification) Genetic (congenital erythropoietic porphyria, amelogenesis imperfecta,…
Dental hard tissue injury Enamel infraction Enamel fracture Enamel-dentine fracture (uncomplicated crown fracture) Enamel-dentine-pulp fracture (complicated crown fracture) Crown-root fracture without pulp exposure Crown-root fracture with pulp exposure Root fracture…
