Rheumatologic Disorders
Definition Rheumatologic (or rheumatoid) disorders include much more than “arthritis” and encompass a large group (nearly 100) of disorders that affect bones, joints, and muscles. Arthritis is a nonspecific term…
General Dentistry
AIDS, HIV Infection, and Related Conditions
Definition On June 5, 1981, when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported five cases of Pneumocystis carinii (now jiroveci ) pneumonia in young homosexual men in Los…
Women’s Health Issues
Definition Women’s health is altered by pregnancy and by diseases unique to female anatomy and physiology. This chapter focuses on common conditions of women that require recognition and management by…
Adrenal Insufficiency
The adrenal glands are small (6–8 g) endocrine glands located bilaterally at the superior pole of each kidney. Each gland contains an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The adrenal medulla…
Gastrointestinal Disease
Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases such as peptic ulcer disease (PUD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and pseudomembranous colitis are common and may affect the delivery of dental care. These patients can have…
Pulmonary Disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes bronchitis and emphysema, and chronic lower respiratory disease (COPD and asthma), are common pulmonary diseases that cause obstruction in airflow. They are discussed…
Neurologic Disorders
Neurologic diseases are common in the general population, and they will become even more common as the population ages. Therefore, dental patients will regularly present with neurologic conditions. Several diseases…
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
The abusive use of drugs and alcohol is a huge and growing public health problem in the United States, as well as in many other countries worldwide. Drug and alcohol…
Psychiatric Disorders
Definition The American Psychiatric Association published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 2013. It includes detailed descriptions of neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia spectrum…
Anxiety and Eating Disorders
Definition This chapter discusses anxiety disorders (panic, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], and generalized anxiety disorder) and eating disorders ( Box 28.1 ). Adverse reactions and drug interactions associated with…
Congenital Bleeding and Hypercoagulable Disorders
A number of procedures that are performed in dentistry may cause bleeding. Under normal circumstances, these procedures can be performed with little risk; however, patients whose ability to control bleeding…
Cancer and Oral Care of Patients With Cancer
Collectively, all cancers combined account for about one quarter of deaths in the United States, thereby placing cancer second only to heart disease as a leading cause of death. Cancer…
Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Definition Sleep-related breathing disorders constitute a spectrum of clinical entities with variations in sleep structure, respiration, and blood oxygen saturation. The spectrum ranges from mild…
Acquired Bleeding and Hypercoagulable Disorders
Definition A number of procedures that are performed in dentistry may cause bleeding. Under normal circumstances, these procedures can be performed with little clinical risk; however, in patients whose ability…
Disorders of White Blood Cells
Definition Disorders of white blood cells (WBCs) in dental patients can substantially influence clinical decision making as well as the delivery of care because WBCs constitute the primary defense against…
AIDS, HIV Infection, and Related Conditions
Definition On June 5, 1981, when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported five cases of Pneumocystis carinii (now jiroveci ) pneumonia in young homosexual men in Los…
Women’s Health Issues
Definition Women’s health is altered by pregnancy and by diseases unique to female anatomy and physiology. This chapter focuses on common conditions of women that require recognition and management by…
Organ Transplantation
Defintion Organ transplantation is an integral component of modern medicine that has transformed the management of a wide variety of pediatric and adult medical conditions, in many cases providing long-term…
Chronic Kidney Disease and Dialysis
Kidney disease can be caused by acute (i.e., bacterial infection, obstruction in the urinary tract, or damage to the renal parenchyma) or chronic conditions. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is emphasized…