Pocket Dentistry

Lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric superimposition

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Cephalometric superimposition is a process in orthodontics that evaluates two images by comparing common and stable structures and landmarks that remain unaffected by growth or treatment. Longitudinal cephalometric superimpositions…

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Fundamentals of 3D data acquisition in orthodontics

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Contemporary orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning require an extensive clinical examination and evaluation of diagnostic records. Routine orthodontic records, which include plaster study models, radiographs and photographs, can now…

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Errors in cephalometrics

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction It must be well appreciated and realised that a cephalogram is an X-ray taken in a standard orientation of the head and obtained through a cephalostat. A cephalogram is…

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Ricketts’ 12-factor analysis and facial growth estimates

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Robert murray ricketts Robert Ricketts was born into a poor farmer family in Illinois, but with his wit, determination and unparalleled contributions, he rose to international eminence in orthodontia. Dr….

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Clinical and functional evaluation

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Comprehensive clinical evaluation is fundamental to diagnosis Unlike medicine, orthodontic diagnosis involves identifying malocclusion, assessing its severity and developing a plan to correct it based on various patient factors,…

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Diagnostic records, their evaluation and integration in treatment planning

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Diagnostic orthodontic records are essential supplements to history and clinical diagnosis for the formulation of a comprehensive treatment plan. Records and investigations in medicine, in general, and orthodontics, in…

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Postnatal growth of the face and craniofacial region

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Postnatal growth in humans is defined as growth occurring in the first 20 years of life. Although growth continues to occur throughout life, for most body tissues, it reduces…

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Linear dimensions of face and sassouni’s analysis

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction The vertical proportions of the face are critical in determining its aesthetics and harmony. Traditionally, orthodontists perceived malocclusion as an anteroposterior problem or tend to classify, record and treat…

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Cephalometric analysis of the soft tissue of the face

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Reed Holdaway Introduction It has long been recognised that the response of the soft tissue integument to orthodontic treatment may not be judged correctly by merely analysing dental occlusion or…

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Posteroanterior cephalometric analysis

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction The posteroanterior (PA) cephalogram is an effective tool for evaluating craniofacial structures in transverse and vertical dimensions. It allows looking at the facial skeleton from the relative view of…

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Cephalometrics: Historical perspectives, methods and landmarks

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction The clinical speciality of orthodontics originated with the primary objective of straightening misaligned teeth to create an aesthetically pleasing dental arrangement. Over time, the focus expanded to include improving…

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Prenatal development of the foetus concerning the craniofacial region

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Prelude Human life begins at fertilisation, when a fusion of an oocyte with a sperm occurs, forming a single cell called a zygote, from which a new individual organism will…

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Digital and computerised cephalometrics

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction The term ‘Computerised Cephalometrics’ entails using advanced specialised software through computers to make cephalometric measurements for quick and accurate analysis and store data for ease of retrieval and transfer….

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Interpretation and clinical applications of cephalometric data in diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction In the last six decades, cephalometric studies have made a significant impact on the orthodontic literature. These cephalometric analyses have been created from a combination of different cephalometric variables…

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Automation in 2D cephalometric analysis

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Cephalometric analysis is integral to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Finding the spatial correlations and angular measurements between the anatomic landmarks requires precisely identifying landmarks on lateral and PA…

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Practical clinical photography in orthodontics

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Photography in orthodontics Biomedical imaging, including clinical photographs, is an integral component of modern healthcare data systems. It plays a vital role in documentation, education and communication by conveying visual…

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Steiner’s analysis

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Cephalometric analysis, which was being used for diagnostic purposes, could also be leveraged for treatment planning. The treatment planning implications of cephalometric analysis were first realised by Cecil C….

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Concepts of growth and development applicable to craniofacial region

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Growth and development are two fundamental biological processes defining life’s existence. From when a child is born to senescence, both processes continue to occur in different capacities and paces…

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Downs’ analysis

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction William B. Downs introduced a method of recording the skeletal and denture (dental) pattern to measure facial form on a cephalogram in 1948. Although several analyses have been introduced…

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Tweed’s analysis: Clinical applications

May 10, 2026 by drzezo in Orthodontics 0 comments

Introduction Tweed’s analysis, undertaken initially in 1954, is primarily based on the premise that the inclination of the mandibular incisors to the basal bone and the latter’s association with the…

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