Once differentiation of the cells forming the future face has been initiated by one or more epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, other factors regulate subsequent development and growth of the maxillofacial complex. Individual…
The standard of care in patients who have a complete cleft is to perform secondary bone grafting of the absent bone in the alveolus and anterior maxilla with autogenous cancellous…
With the exception of those special cases of clefts associated with holoprosencephaly, wherein there exists true tissue hypoplasia, the anomalies observed in labiomaxillary clefts result essentially from displacement, deformation, and…
Cleft lip and palate is considered to be the most common facial birth defect worldwide. Attempts to repair these deformities date back to the sixteenth century. In 1552, Jacques Houllier…
The complexity of a bilateral cleft lip repair must be well understood by any surgeon performing this procedure. Multiple factors play a role in the difficulty that one must overcome…
The comprehensive treatment of cleft lip and palate deformities requires thoughtful consideration of the anatomic complexities of the deformity, and the delicate balance between intervention and growth. The surgical reconstruction…
Direct laryngoscopy remains the technique of choice for placing an endotracheal tube (ETT). However, alternative techniques are needed for the difficult airway or unsuccessful intubation. Retrograde intubation may be used…
