Key points • Late and secondary orbital reconstructions are more demanding than primary reconstructions due to altered anatomic landmarks and late soft tissue changes—so the ultimate objective should be an…

Key points • The use of a cadaver model allows assessment of the effect of individual steps of computer-assisted surgery on orbital implant positioning. • The accuracy and consistency of…

Key points • The goal of secondary reconstruction of the midface is to restore harmony with a primary focus of restoration of form and function. • An organized assessment of…

Key points • The first step in advanced diagnostics and virtual surgical planning is the generation of a virtual patient model. • Information can be added to the virtual patient…

Key points • The development and implementation of medical technology in orbital reconstructive surgery is a logical consequence of the philosophy to optimize the treatment procedure before, during, and after…

Key points • Predictable outcomes of complex orbital fracture patterns may be achieved by a structured and evidence-based approach. • Full anatomic and physiologic assessment of the fracture pattern using…

Key points • Trapdoor fracture in children, globe dislocation or trapdoor fracture with a nonresolving oculocardiac reflex, bradycardia, heart block, nausea, vomiting, or syncope are indications for immediate surgery. •…

Key points • Be aware of a combination of mechanical, neurogenic, and sensory causes of diplopia. • Check for factors influencing the absence of diplopia, such as trauma-related visual problems,…

Key points • The skeletal framework around the anterior aperture of each orbit and the 4 walls of the orbital cavity can be conceived as a pyramid with a quadrangular…

Key points • Retrobulbar hemorrhage in the setting of orbital trauma can cause orbital compartment syndrome, which may result in irreversible vision loss. Immediate action through a lateral canthotomy and…