FIG 3.1 Fixed restorations have three categories: FP-1, FP-2, and FP-3. The restoration type is related to the contour of the restoration. (FP-1 is ideal, FP-2 is hypercontoured, and FP-3 replaces…

FIG 12.1 (A) Bony contours in a normal sagittal view of the maxillary and mandibular arches. (B) The initial resorption of bone in the lower arch destroys the lateral aspect of…

FIG 15.1 By 2050, 20.7% of the population will be older than age 65 years. In addition to the increasing percentage of 65-year-old adults, the population is also increasing. As a…

FIG 16.1 (A) When stress is plotted on the y-axis and cycles to failure are plotted on the x-axis, the fatigue curve of a material may be established. Any stress condition…

FIG 13.1 Pneumatization can be significant even with teeth present as the maxillary sinus increases in size, leaving less available bone for implant placement.  Clinical Implication. The net result of maxillary…

FIG 4.1 Film positioning. (A) The central ray is perpendicular to the bone, object, and film, resulting in no distortion. (B) The central ray is perpendicular to the film, but not…

FIG 11.1 Incision line opening. (A) Incision line opening occurring after implant placement. (B) Post allograft incision line opening. (C) Membrane graft dehiscence. (D) Block graft with fixation screw exposure.  The…

FIG 17.1 Schematic illustration of hard and soft tissue around a tooth and an implant. (A) Hard and soft tissue anatomy around a natural tooth demonstrates bone support with a periodontal…

FIG 9.1 Neurosensory impairment of the inferior alveolar nerve. (A) Placement of two implants, completely transecting the mandibular canal. (B–C) Implant placement impinging on the mental foramen. (D) Immediate placement implant…

FIG 6.1 (A–D) Various examples of malpositioned implants leading to increased morbidity.  Mesial-Distal (“X” Axis): Implant–Natural Tooth Insufficient Implant–Root Apex Distance Etiology Implants placed too close to an adjacent tooth root…