Pocket Dentistry

Fig. 4.1 Nonrestorable roots of a mandibular second molar with a fragment in the apical third of the distal root. Tooth extraction is the treatment of choice in this case…

Fig. 7.1 (a) Preoperative radiograph. (b) Fractured instrument in the apical third of the curved distal root of a first mandibular molar. (c) Root perforation and creation of “iatrogenic” canal…

Factors affecting intracanal instrument fracture Operator related Skill, proficiency, judgment Anatomy related Access cavity Root canal anatomy Instrument related Material Design Manufacturing process and errors Technique/use related Motors operating parameters…

Fig. 1.1 Fragments of various endodontic instruments Fig. 1.2 (a) Fragment of an irrigation needle in the mesiobuccal root canal of a maxillary molar. (b) Fragment of the notched end…

Fig. 3.1 Image showing H-files discarded after clinical use due to plastic deformation of the cutting tip Fig. 3.2 Distribution of fractured and plastically deformed instruments within different ISO sizes…

Study Lesiona No lesion Healing (%) Effect on healing Strindberg (1956) 2/4 9/11 11/15 (73%) Overall 19% reduction (although lower when lesion is present) Grahnén and Hansson (1961) NR NR…

Fig. 5.1 (a) Preoperative radiograph of a mandibular right first molar with a fragment in the middle third of the mesial root. (b, c) Operative microscope photographs of the pulp…