Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Infraorbital rim
The upper midface skeleton has direct and indirect influences on the appearance of the face and, particularly, the eyes. The relationship between the globe and the orbital rims will determine…
Internal orbit
The size and shape of the internal orbit determines orbital volume and the position of the eye. An increase in orbital volume results in enophthalmos – the recession of the…
Pyriform aperture
A relative deficiency in lower midface projection may be congenital or acquired, particularly after cleft surgery and maxillary fractures. Since the majority of white faces are convex, midface concavity is…
Cranioplasty
Cranioplasty is performed to restore the integrity and appearance of the skull. This most often involves the reconstruction of full-thickness skeletal defects. Cranioplasty may also be performed to normalize or…
Temporal augmentation
Concavity in the temporal area is often referred to as “temporal hollowing.” It reflects a deficiency in the bulk of the temporalis muscle, the temporal fat pad, and/or an underlying…
Implant materials
The craniofacial skeleton can be reconstructed with both autogenous bone and alloplastic implants. Alloplastic implants are used only as onlay grafts to the native skeleton to improve facial contour and…
Principles and operative technique for facial skeletal augmentation
This chapter presents the principles and basic steps of the senior author’s operative technique for implant augmentation of the facial skeleton. Preparation In anticipation of implant surgery, steps to minimize…
Evaluation and planning for facial implant surgery
Physical examination is the most important element of preoperative assessment and planning for both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. Reviewing photographic images with the patient can be helpful when discussing aesthetic…
