Criterion AECGa ACRa ACR/EULARa Subjective       Sicca eye + − Entryb Sicca mouth + − Entryb Objective       Ocular signs:       Schirmer’s test +…

Fig. 12.1 Healing of aphthous ulcers on the upper labial mucosa following 2 days of treatment with locally applied doxycycline gel (see Ref. 8). The gel was applied to the ulcer…

Fig. 11.1 Frequency (%) of children and adolescents without caries and restorations in 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003, and 2013 11.2.2 Periodontitis and Gingivitis Between 1983 and 2013, there was a…

Fig. 2.1 The classical cycle of investigation, hypothesis and experimentation in clinical research 2.2 What Is Research in Medical and Dental Schools? It can be argued that research in dental…

Fig. 6.1 Immediate implant placement protocol which includes (a) and (b) careful and atraumatic tooth extraction; (c) flapless implant placement in the ideal prosthetically driven position; (d) placement of a…

Fig. 13.1 Hippocrates 460–377 BC Fig. 13.2 Main steps for attaining permit(s) for scientific investigation. In life sciences approval by ethical committee has a central role The need for something broader…

Fig. 8.1 It has been reported that periodontitis increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. It also has been proven that smoking or obesity increases periodontitis and that they independently contribute…

Fig. 4.1 Inflammation limited to the gingival margin in a female adult African To effectively manage those “difficult to explain” cases, periodontologists must embrace the shift to the measurement of…