In his article “Anatomy and pathophysiology of facial aging”, Zimbler states, “Facial aesthetics begin with the marriage of hard and soft tissue integration; however, it is the changing balance of…
Indications for and Advantages of Cad/Cam Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) provides added sophistication to facial implant surgery. It provides three-dimensional millimeter accuracy in implant design and manufacturing specific to…
The upper midface skeleton has direct and indirect influences on the appearance of the face and, particularly, the eyes. The relationship between the globe and the orbital rims will determine…
The size and shape of the internal orbit determines orbital volume and the position of the eye. An increase in orbital volume results in enophthalmos – the recession of the…
A relative deficiency in lower midface projection may be congenital or acquired, particularly after cleft surgery and maxillary fractures. Since the majority of white faces are convex, midface concavity is…
Cranioplasty is performed to restore the integrity and appearance of the skull. This most often involves the reconstruction of full-thickness skeletal defects. Cranioplasty may also be performed to normalize or…
Concavity in the temporal area is often referred to as “temporal hollowing.” It reflects a deficiency in the bulk of the temporalis muscle, the temporal fat pad, and/or an underlying…
The craniofacial skeleton can be reconstructed with both autogenous bone and alloplastic implants. Alloplastic implants are used only as onlay grafts to the native skeleton to improve facial contour and…
