Non-surgical Root Canal Treatment
Fig. 4.1 Clinical radiographs demonstrating (a) immediate post-operative view of non-surgical root canal treatment of tooth 47 treated over the course of two visits using an intra-canal medicament. Preparation was…
Endodontics
Access Preparation
Fig. 1.1 Note (a) and (b) clinical periapical radiographs demonstrating nonsurgical root canal treatment of tooth 25. Note they reveal limited two-dimensional view of the true three-dimensional image. Insert shows…
Cleaning and Shaping Objectives
Fig. 3.1 Diagrammatic representation of the apical anatomy in a tooth (a) without apical root resorption and (b) a tooth with apical root resorption. Note (1) radiographic apex (dash line)…
Nonvital Bleaching
A. Extrinsic (i) Chromogenic diet (wine, coffee, tea) (ii) Tobacco (iii) Mouthrinses (iv) Plaque B. Intrinsic (i) Systemic causes Tetracycline staining Metabolic disorders (fluorosis, dystrophic calcification) Genetic (congenital erythropoietic porphyria, amelogenesis imperfecta,…
Traumatic Injuries
Dental hard tissue injury Enamel infraction Enamel fracture Enamel-dentine fracture (uncomplicated crown fracture) Enamel-dentine-pulp fracture (complicated crown fracture) Crown-root fracture without pulp exposure Crown-root fracture with pulp exposure Root fracture…
Irrigation and Disinfection
and cation and then forms an equilibrium with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is pH dependent (Fig. 5.1). Pure sodium hypochlorite has a pH of around 12 at which predominates [21]….
Iatrogenic Perforations
Fig. 12.1 Representing different levels of perforation and their associated prognosis. (a) A lateral perforation coronal to the attachment level can be included in the restoration, and provided a seal…
Intentional Replantation
Indications Failure of conventional endodontic therapy If conventional root canal treatment, retreatment and surgical treatments have failed and are deemed impossible to perform Anatomical limitations Proximity of the intended tooth…
Apexogenesis, Apexification, Revascularization and Endodontic Regeneration
Fig. 9.1 Showing treatment options for the management of immature permanent teeth according to stage of root development (i.e., complete or incomplete) Apexification is defined as a ‘method to induce…
Medicated Intra-pulpal Dressings
and ions resulting in bacterial cell protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less…
Endodontics in the Deciduous/Mixed Dentition
Fig. 8.1 Clinical management of reversible and irreversible pulpitis in the mixed/permanent dentition. Note if the apex is open, then root-end closure procedures or pulpal regeneration may be indicated to…
Separated Endodontic Instruments
Fig. 11.1 Clinical radiograph demonstrating various instrument fractures referred to specialist endodontic practice. Note (a) instrument inadvertently pushed beyond the confines of the canal after the general dental practitioner attempted…
Temporary and Interim Restorations in Endodontics
Quality of the endodontic treatment Quality of the coronal restoration % success (absence of peri-radicular inflammation (API)) Good Good 91.4 Good Poor 44.1 Poor Good 67.7 Poor Poor 18.1 A…
Traumatic Dental Injuries
Chapter 9 Traumatic Dental Injuries Mitsuhiro Tsukiboshi, Conor Durack Introduction The World Health Organisation (WHO) created a classification system for the varying types of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in 1992…
Root Resorption
Chapter 10 Root Resorption Conor Durack, Shanon Patel Introduction Root resorption is the destruction of dental hard tissue, namely cementum and dentine, as a result of clastic cell action (Hammarström…
Assessment of Root Canal Anatomy
Chapter 6 Assessment of Root Canal Anatomy Francesca Abella, Shalini Kanagasingam Introduction Anatomical variations exist with each tooth type and may be a result of differences in ethnic background, age…
Dentoalveolar Anatomy
Chapter 5 Dentoalveolar Anatomy Cindy Verdegaal, Hagay Shemesh Introduction Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is most suitable for the imaging of bony structures, like the mandible and the maxillary bones….
Non-surgical and Surgical Re-treatment
Chapter 8 Non-surgical and Surgical Re-treatment Shanon Patel, Hagay Shemesh, Navid Saberi Introduction Endodontic treatment has a high success rate (Ng et al, 2011); however, on occasion treatment may fail….
Vertical Root Fractures
Chapter 11 Vertical Root Fractures Shanon Patel, Simon C Harvey Introduction Vertical root fracture (VRF) is a term used to describe longitudinally orientated cracks or fractures originating within the tooth…
Apical Periodontitis
Chapter 7 Apical Periodontitis Shanon Patel, Conor Durack Introduction Apical periodontitis (AP) is an acute or chronic inflammatory condition occurring around the root of a tooth. It is caused by…
