Iatrogenic Perforations
Fig. 12.1 Representing different levels of perforation and their associated prognosis. (a) A lateral perforation coronal to the attachment level can be included in the restoration, and provided a seal…
Intentional Replantation
Indications Failure of conventional endodontic therapy If conventional root canal treatment, retreatment and surgical treatments have failed and are deemed impossible to perform Anatomical limitations Proximity of the intended tooth…
Apexogenesis, Apexification, Revascularization and Endodontic Regeneration
Fig. 9.1 Showing treatment options for the management of immature permanent teeth according to stage of root development (i.e., complete or incomplete) Apexification is defined as a ‘method to induce…
Medicated Intra-pulpal Dressings
and ions resulting in bacterial cell protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less…
Endodontics in the Deciduous/Mixed Dentition
Fig. 8.1 Clinical management of reversible and irreversible pulpitis in the mixed/permanent dentition. Note if the apex is open, then root-end closure procedures or pulpal regeneration may be indicated to…
Separated Endodontic Instruments
Fig. 11.1 Clinical radiograph demonstrating various instrument fractures referred to specialist endodontic practice. Note (a) instrument inadvertently pushed beyond the confines of the canal after the general dental practitioner attempted…
Temporary and Interim Restorations in Endodontics
Quality of the endodontic treatment Quality of the coronal restoration % success (absence of peri-radicular inflammation (API)) Good Good 91.4 Good Poor 44.1 Poor Good 67.7 Poor Poor 18.1 A…
Introduction to Orofacial Pain
Introduction to Orofacial Pain Key Points Orofacial pain remains a prevalent and debilitating condition that exerts a significant social and economic impact. Many of the risk factors associated with temporomandibular…
Diagnostic Classification of Orofacial Pain
Diagnostic Classification of Orofacial Pain Key Points Diagnostic systems are needed to assist with management of orofacial pain. The complexity of the field of pain is reflected in the availability…
General Assessment of the Orofacial Pain Patient
General Assessment of the Orofacial Pain Patient Key Points Dentistry has long been recognized as a necessary part of medical science and is no longer restricted to management of dental…
Vascular and Nonvascular Intracranial Causes of Orofacial Pain
Vascular and Nonvascular Intracranial Causes of Orofacial Pain Key Points Intracranial causes of head, neck, and orofacial pain are numerous and may lead to disability or death if not managed…
Axis II: Biobehavioral Considerations
Axis II: Biobehavioral Considerations Key Points The biobehavioral model of pain is the foundation for clinical assessment and pain management. Core biobehavioral principles include multifactorial assessment, the role of learning…
Primary Headache Disorders
Primary Headache Disorders Key Points Clinicians must be aware that patients who present with orofacial pain complaints may have a primary headache disorder that needs to be addressed. Clinicians must…
Sleep and Orofacial Pain
Sleep and Orofacial Pain Key Points The impact of chronic pain on sleep can be described as a vicious cycle, with mutual deleterious influences causing an increase in pain and…
Cervicogenic Mechanisms of Orofacial Pain and Headaches
Cervicogenic Mechanisms of Orofacial Pain and Headaches Key Points Structures of the cervical spine can give rise to orofacial pain and headaches. A screening examination of the cervical spine is…
Extracranial Causes of Orofacial Pain and Headaches
Extracranial Causes of Orofacial Pain and Headaches Key Points The clinician treating orofacial pain patients should inquire about symptoms in other areas of the body to exclude systemic disease as…
Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes
14 Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes Crispian Scully, Jane Luker and Austin McCormick Dry Mouth—Xerostomia and Hyposalivation Introduction Definition Clinical Features Diagnostic Work-Up Differential Diagnosis Treatment Prevention of Oral Complications…
