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Adverse effects of dental biomaterials
Carcinogens | Toxic substances |
---|---|
Formaldehyde Cadmium Beryllium |
Methyl methacrylate Formaldehyde Mercury vapor Metals: Arsenic Barium Cadmium Chromium Lead Mercury Selenium Silver |
Allergy | Reaction type | Mechanism |
---|---|---|
Type I | Anaphylactic reactions—antibody (IgE) mediated | Immunoglobulin antibodies (IgE) bind to receptors on mast cells. Pharmacologically active compounds may be released. Clinical effect may be respiratory system obstruction and cardiovascular collapse. |
Type II | Cytolytic or cytotoxic | Immunoglobulins (IgM or IgG) bind to antigens on surface of cells and activate complement. Activation may result in cytolysis, phagocytosis, and chemotactic reactions. |
Type III | Immune-complex | Occur when complexes made of IgM and IgG antibodies accumulate in blood vessels or tissue and activate the complement system |
Type IV | Delayed-type hypersensitivity (T-cell mediated) |
Immune response is mediated by T cells, usually CD4+. Cytokines are released, leading to macrophage activation and resulting in local damage. |
Ig, immunoglobulin; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M.
Type I | Type IV | |
---|---|---|
Type of reaction | IgE-mediated anaphylactic | T-cell mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity |
Characteristic | Immediate/> |