Introduction

Orthodontics is a specialized area of dentistry that deals with the alteration and correction of dentofacial structures, corrections understood as tooth movement (TM), and corrections of malocclusions and malformations of their related structures. Correct positioning of teeth and facial skeletal structures through applying forces or stimulating and redirecting functional forces within the craniofacial complex leads to structural, dental, and functional aesthetic harmony (Katz, 1992).

Diagnosis is undoubtedly the first medical act to identify the presence or absence of craniofacial and dental changes and consists of gathering a range of information that may influence treatment. Data collection is crucial to patient care in medical and dental practice. This process typically involves a comprehensive approach that includes considering the patient’s medical and dental histories, conducting thorough clinical examinations, and maintaining detailed records of models, photographs, and radiographic imaging. These records are essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and ongoing patient care. By utilizing these tools and techniques, healthcare professionals can provide high‐quality and effective care to their patients. Data are collected by considering medical and dental history, conducting clinical examinations, and maintaining models, photographs, and radiographic imaging records. Ultimately, the diagnosis should provide some information about the etiology of the malocclusion and indicate the correct course of treatment (Gravely and Johnson, 1974).

The diagnostic analysis pathway and subsequent treatment planning have changed in recent years. There is a rapid shift from two‐dimensional (2D) to three‐dimensional (3D) based analysis and planning (Harrell Jr, 2009). Increasing scientific and technological advances in the field of work are leading to the spread and use of machines capable of providing 3D images, such as cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT), intraoral scanners, and volumetric facial photographs, in conjunction with planning software, such as CAD/CAM (Figure 5.1). The consequence is a radical change in the management of daily workflow in the dental office (Bentson and Copple, 2022).

Virtual Orthodontic Treatment

Workflows based on virtual treatment planning are increasingly used in daily practice (Lane and Harrell Jr, 2008). Virtual treatment planning is translated into treatment execution by producing and placing digitally guided appliances using various CAD/CAM techniques, virtual programming software, and customized equipment (Penning et al., 2017). The orthodontic appliances that result from this virtual workflow are mostly aligners (Figure 5.2).

Digital solutions in orthodontics, understood as virtual biomechanics of dental displacement management software, have their roots in technology, which, however, should always be considered as a tool that helps the clinician in decision‐making. In order to effectively address a medical issue, a treatment plan must be developed based on an accurate diagnosis and the establishment of achievable goals. Achieving success is only possible through a specific process. It is imperative to follow this particular process in order to attain the desired outcome. Having a well‐defined action plan is a crucial element in attaining success. One must outline the steps required to reach their desired outcome and ensure that all parties are aware of the plan. A clear and concise action plan serves as a roadmap and helps to eliminate confusion or misunderstandings. Having a well‐designed action plan is crucial for success in treating patients. It helps identify objectives, set timelines, and allocate resources, minimizing risks associated with uncertainties and unforeseen challenges. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the steps involved and execute them with precision and diligence. By adhering to this process, one can increase their chances of achieving success systematically and efficiently.

In aligner orthodontics, the CAD software displays treatment animations, helping the clinician to analyze the correction characteristics of the teeth and face, predicted as the virtual optimal result, according to the goal of the planned plan (Figure 5.3). After the virtual progression of malocclusion correction, only if it is in line with the treatment goals derived from the diagnosis, the orthodontist, who is solely responsible for conducting the treatment plan, can sign off on the virtual planning and start the treatment.

Potential of Virtual Three‐dimensional

To date, modern dentists must accept to convert their practice from traditional to 3D‐oriented systems. In recent years, 3D technology has become increasingly prevalent in the medical field, particularly in dentistry, where its applications have been most significant.

This evolution has brought the dental practitioner a need for more helpful information about this technology (Jacox et al., 2019).

The current perception within the dental industry is that 3D technology is still in its nascent stage and has yet to establish itself as a well‐established and widely adopted tool. This may be an excuse for self‐conviction to delay the adoption of one’s practice and change the approach to the profession.

Traditional Versus Printing Technology

Technological innovations in the 3D world under the diagnostic aspect include digital impressions. Today, it is possible to digitize plaster models or, instead, direct scanning of the oral cavity and the dental arch, altogether avoiding the classical impressions made with impression material.

The intraoral scanner is an instrument used in real time inside the patient’s oral cavity to “capture” precision frames that reconstruct the patient’s oral cavity in virtual 3D on a computer (Figure 5.4). This is perhaps the latest development and completely changes the way of working: dentistry sends only the scan file directly to the dental laboratory (which has also become computerized).

Intraoral scanners are taking on an increasingly important role in the digital workflow in dentistry. Moreover, they rapidly replace traditional impressions and plaster models with proven accuracy and precision. Indeed, recent studies have shown that accuracy is a characteristic of this technology (Grunheid et al., 2014).

The 3D model obtained from the intraoral scanner must be digitally processed through appropriate CAD software, which is another indispensable element in the practice of the modern dentist.