Dental hard tissue injury Enamel infraction Enamel fracture Enamel-dentine fracture (uncomplicated crown fracture) Enamel-dentine-pulp fracture (complicated crown fracture) Crown-root fracture without pulp exposure Crown-root fracture with pulp exposure Root fracture…
and cation and then forms an equilibrium with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is pH dependent (Fig. 5.1). Pure sodium hypochlorite has a pH of around 12 at which predominates [21]….
Fig. 12.1 Representing different levels of perforation and their associated prognosis. (a) A lateral perforation coronal to the attachment level can be included in the restoration, and provided a seal…
Indications Failure of conventional endodontic therapy If conventional root canal treatment, retreatment and surgical treatments have failed and are deemed impossible to perform Anatomical limitations Proximity of the intended tooth…
Fig. 9.1 Showing treatment options for the management of immature permanent teeth according to stage of root development (i.e., complete or incomplete) Apexification is defined as a ‘method to induce…
and ions resulting in bacterial cell protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less…
Fig. 8.1 Clinical management of reversible and irreversible pulpitis in the mixed/permanent dentition. Note if the apex is open, then root-end closure procedures or pulpal regeneration may be indicated to…
Fig. 11.1 Clinical radiograph demonstrating various instrument fractures referred to specialist endodontic practice. Note (a) instrument inadvertently pushed beyond the confines of the canal after the general dental practitioner attempted…
Quality of the endodontic treatment Quality of the coronal restoration % success (absence of peri-radicular inflammation (API)) Good Good 91.4 Good Poor 44.1 Poor Good 67.7 Poor Poor 18.1 A…
Introduction to Orofacial Pain Key Points Orofacial pain remains a prevalent and debilitating condition that exerts a significant social and economic impact. Many of the risk factors associated with temporomandibular…
Diagnostic Classification of Orofacial Pain Key Points Diagnostic systems are needed to assist with management of orofacial pain. The complexity of the field of pain is reflected in the availability…
General Assessment of the Orofacial Pain Patient Key Points Dentistry has long been recognized as a necessary part of medical science and is no longer restricted to management of dental…
Vascular and Nonvascular Intracranial Causes of Orofacial Pain Key Points Intracranial causes of head, neck, and orofacial pain are numerous and may lead to disability or death if not managed…
Axis II: Biobehavioral Considerations Key Points The biobehavioral model of pain is the foundation for clinical assessment and pain management. Core biobehavioral principles include multifactorial assessment, the role of learning…
Primary Headache Disorders Key Points Clinicians must be aware that patients who present with orofacial pain complaints may have a primary headache disorder that needs to be addressed. Clinicians must…
Sleep and Orofacial Pain Key Points The impact of chronic pain on sleep can be described as a vicious cycle, with mutual deleterious influences causing an increase in pain and…
Cervicogenic Mechanisms of Orofacial Pain and Headaches Key Points Structures of the cervical spine can give rise to orofacial pain and headaches. A screening examination of the cervical spine is…
