Abstract
Objectives
A novel tertiary amine compound containing three methacrylate-urethane groups was synthesized for application in dentin adhesives. The synthesis, photopolymerization kinetics, and leaching were examined in an earlier study using this novel compound as the co-initiator (0.5 and 1.75 wt% based on the total resin mass). The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of TUMA (8-(2-(((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)carbamoyl)oxy)propyl)-6,10-dimethyl-4,12-dioxo-5,11-dioxa-3,8,13-triazapentadecane-1,15-diyl bis(2-methylacrylate)) to serve simultaneously as a co-initiator and co-monomer (15–45 wt% based on the total resin mass) in dentin adhesive formulations. The polymerization kinetics, water sorption and dynamic mechanical properties of these novel formulations were determined.
Materials and method
The monomer system contained Bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA), 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and TUMA (synthesized in our lab) at the mass ratio of 45/(55-x)/x. Two photoinitiator (PI) systems were compared. One initiator system contains three components: camphorquinone (CQ), diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) and ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB) and the second initiator system contains CQ and DPIHP. The control adhesive formulations are: C0-3: HEMA/BisGMA 45/55 (w/w) and 3-component PI and C0-2: HEMA/BisGMA 45/55 (w/w) and 2-component PI. These controls were used as a comparison to the experimental adhesive resins (Ex-3 or Ex-2), in which x represents the weight percentage of synthesized co-monomer (TUMA) to replace part of BisGMA. The control and experimental adhesive formulations were photo-polymerized and compared with regard to the degree of conversion (DC), polymerization rate (Rp), water sorption and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) under both dry and wet conditions.
Results
C0-3 and Ex-3 formulations had similar DC, while the DC of Ex-2 formulation was higher than C0-2. The DC was similar when comparing the two- component with the three-component photoinitiator system when TUMA was used at the same concentration. DMA under dry conditions shows higher rubbery storage modulus for all experimental formulations, while storage modulus at rubbery region under wet conditions was decreased as compared with control (C0-3). There was no statistically significant difference for the DMA results under both dry and wet conditions when comparing two- and three-component initiator systems with the same TUMA concentration.
Significance
The newly synthesized TUMA could serve simultaneously as a co-monomer and co-initiator in the absence of commercial co-initiator. This study provides information for the future development of new co-monomer/co-initiator for dentin adhesives and dental composites.
1
Introduction
Polymer-based composites have become the most common dental restorative material with a current use rate more than twice that of amalgam filling materials . The durability of composite restorations does not, however, match that of dental amalgam . The average clinical lifetime of posterior composite resin restorations is just 5.7 years due to secondary decay or fracture . The dominant reason for failure of composite restorations is secondary decay and clinically, the failure occurs most often at the composite/tooth interface .
The composite is too viscous to bond directly to the tooth and thus, a low viscosity adhesive must be used to form a bond between the tooth and composite. The integrity of the adhesive and the adhesive/tooth bond is very important for the durability of resin-based dental restorations. The lack of durable and effective dentin adhesives is considered a major problem with the use of composites in restorative dentistry . The monomers used in dentin adhesives are particularly critical and monomer selection exerts considerable influence on the properties, durability and behavior of dentin adhesives in the wet, oral environment. Much attention and effort has been devoted to the development of new monomers. These new monomers are one approach in the research community’s quest to develop dentin adhesives that provide durable bonding at the composite/tooth interface .
Photopolymerization using a visible light source is a popular and convenient means of curing dentin adhesives and composites . The majority of commercial methacrylate-based dental resins contain camphorquinone (CQ)/amine pairs as visible light photoinitiating systems. CQ is a light absorbing photosensitizer and the amine compound is an electron donor serving as co-initiator. Recently, a third component (often a daryliodonium or sulfonium salt) is applied into the CQ/amine photoinitiating system to improve the visible light induced photopolymerization .
The co-initiator (amine compound) plays a critical role in the photoinitiation process . The types of co-initiator as well as its ratio to the photosensitizer influence the quality of the polymerization. Many of the available amine co-initiators cannot be used in dental restorative materials because of cytotoxicity concerns . The release of co-initiators has been considered a source of adverse reactions , e.g. local and systemic toxicity, pulpal irritation, allergic and estrogenic effects.
A tertiary amine co-initiator (TUMA) containing three methacrylate-urethane groups was synthesized in our laboratory for application in dentin adhesives . The results from an earlier study showed comparable degree of conversion with formulations containing 0.5% or 1.75% TUMA as compared to commercial amine co-initiators ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). Furthermore, there was no detectable leaching of the new co-initiator (TUMA), while 53.6% EDMAB and 11.2% DMAEMA were released. The results from this study suggest that TUMA is a promising co-initiator, which could prevent amine release from the final dentin adhesives.
The performance of adhesive formulations containing this new compound, (TUMA), as one of the major components (e.g., 15, 25, 35 and 45 wt%) was investigated in this study. The polymerization kinetics, water sorption and viscoelastic behavior of TUMA-containing formulations were compared with control formulations cured in the presence or absence of the amine co-initiator EDMAB. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the ability of TUMA to serve simultaneously as co-initiator and co-monomer in adhesive formulations. The hypothesis of this investigation is that there is no statistically significant difference in the viscoelastic properties of dentin adhesives with TUMA as the co-monomer when formulated in the presence or absence of EDMAB.
2
Experimental
2.1
Materials
Bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA, Polysciences, Warrington, PA) and 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA, Acros Organics, NJ) were used as received without further purification, as monomers. TUMA (8-(2-(((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)carbamoyl)oxy)propyl)-6,10-dimethyl-4,12-dioxo-5,11-dioxa-3,8,13-triazapentadecane-1,15-diyl bis(2-methylacrylate)) was synthesized in our lab and used as the co-monomer with HEMA and BisGMA . Based on our previous studies , camphorquinone (CQ), ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB) and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) were used as a three-component-photoinitiator system. CQ, EDMAB, and DPIHP were obtained from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA) and used without further purification. Two-component-photoinitiator system containing only CQ and DPIHP was used for comparison. All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at reagent grade and used without further purification. The chemical structures are shown in Table 1 .
2.2
Preparation of resin formulations
The procedure for resin formulation preparation has been reported . The control formulations consisted of HEMA and BisGMA with a mass ratio of 45/55, which is similar to widely used commercial dentin adhesives. It should be noted that there are two control formulations: C0-3 is HEMA/BisGMA 45/55 and 3-component photoinitiator system; C0-2 is HEMA/BisGMA 45/55 and 2-component photoinitiator system. These controls were used as a comparison to the experimental adhesive resins (Ex-3 or Ex-2), in which x represents the weight percentage of synthesized co-monomer (TUMA) to replace part of BisGMA. CQ, EDMAB and DPIHP at concentrations 0.5, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% with respect to the total amount of monomers, were used as a three-component-photoinitiator system (C0-3 and Ex-3 groups). The two-component-photoinitiator system contains only CQ (0.5 wt%) and DPIHP (1.0 wt%) (C0-2 and Ex-2 groups). The resin mixtures were prepared in brown glass vials and stirred for 48 h on an orbital shaker to form a homogeneous solution.
2.3
Real-time conversion and maximal polymerization rate (Rp)
Real-time in situ monitoring of the visible-light-induced photopolymerization of the adhesive formulations was performed using an infrared spectrometer (Spectrum 400 Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA) at a resolution of 4 cm −1 . One drop of adhesive solution was placed on the diamond crystal top-plate of an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory (Pike, GladiATR, Pike Technology, Madison, WI) and covered with a mylar film. A 40-s exposure to the commercial visible-light-polymerization unit (Spectrum 800 ® , Dentsply, Milford, DE, ∼480–490 nm ) at an intensity of 550 mW cm −2 was initiated after 50 spectra had been recorded. Real-time IR spectra were recorded continuously for 600 s after light curing began. A time-resolved spectrum collector (Spectrum TimeBase, Perkin-Elmer) was used for continuous and automatic collection of spectra during polymerization. Three replicates were obtained for each adhesive formulation.
The change of the band ratio profile (1637 cm −1 (C C)/1715 cm −1 (C O)) was monitored for calibrating the DC of the methacrylate groups. DC was calculated using the following equation, which is based on the decrease in the absorption intensity band ratios before and after light curing. The average of the last 50 values of time-based data points is reported as the DC value at 10 min.
DC = 1 − Absorbanc e 1637 cm − 1 sample / Absorbanc e 1715 cm − 1 sample Absorbanc e 1637 cm − 1 monomer / Absorbanc e 1715 cm − 1 monomer × 100 %
The kinetic data were converted to Rp/[ M ] 0 by taking the first derivative of the time versus conversion curve , where Rp and [ M ] 0 are the rate of polymerization and the initial monomer concentration, respectively.
2.4
Preparation of adhesive polymer specimens
The preparation of the polymer specimens has been reported . In brief, round beams with a diameter of 1 mm and a length of at least 15 mm were prepared by injecting the adhesive formulations into glass-tubing molds (Fiber Optic Center, Inc., part no.: ST8100, New Bedford, MA). Fifteen specimens were prepared for each formulation. The samples were light polymerized with an LED light-curing unit for 40 s (LED Curebox, 80 mW cm −2 irradiance, Prototech, Portland, OR).
It is noted that in our experiments, the polymerization kinetics study is conducted at higher light intensity (550 mW cm −2 , halogen light) than the beam specimen preparation conditions (LED curing box, 200 mW cm −2 ). The beam specimens were prepared using LED light, which has a higher efficiency to induce the photo polymerization. The light sources and the intensity settings have been adjusted so that the degree of conversion and polymerization rate are matched between the systems under these two conditions (unpublished data).
The polymerized samples were stored in the dark at room temperature for 48 h to allow for post-cure polymerization. The samples were extracted from the glass tubing and characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis.
2.5
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)
The viscoelastic properties of the adhesives were characterized using DMA Q800 (TA Instruments, New Castle, USA) with a 3-point bending clamp . The cylinder beam specimens (1 mm × 15 mm) were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of dry samples. These specimens were tested using a standard 3-point bending clamp. The test temperature was varied from 10 to 220 °C with a ramping rate of 3 °C/min, a frequency of 1 Hz, an amplitude of 15 μm, and a pre-load of 0.01 N. The second group consisted of wet samples, which were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for five days, as described under water sorption.
The wet samples were tested by 3-point bending, using a water submersion clamp. The test temperature was varied from 10 to 80 °C with a ramping rate of 1.5 °C/min at a frequency of 1 Hz. The properties measured under this oscillating loading were storage modulus ( E ′) and tan δ . The ratio of the loss modulus ( E ″) to the storage modulus E ′ is referred to as the mechanical damping, or tan δ (i.e., tan δ = E ″/ E ′). Five specimens of each adhesive formulation were measured, and the results from the five specimens per each formulation were averaged.
2.6
Water sorption
The water sorption protocol has been reported . In brief, water sorption was measured using cylindrical beam specimens (1 mm × 15 mm). Five specimens were used for each adhesive formulation. The specimens were immersed in deionized water and stored at 37 °C. The water was changed daily. After five days of prewash, the polymer specimens were allowed to dry in the vacuum chamber at 37 °C until a constant weight ( m 1dry ) was obtained. After prewash, the dry specimens were then immersed in deionized water and stored at room temperature. At fixed time intervals (3, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h), the polymer specimens were retrieved, blotted dry to remove excess liquid, weighed ( m 2wet ), and re-immersed in the water. The value (%) for solubility and mass change (water sorption) were calculated as:
Mass change ( % ) = 100 m 2 wet − m 1 dry m 1 dry = Water sorption ( % )
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