1. With a neatly labelled diagram explain the principle, construction and working of an X-ray tube, with the significance of each component. [MUHS May 2002] 2. Describe with a neat and labelled diagram, production of X-rays. [MUHS 1991, 1994, 1996] 3. Define ideal radiograph and discuss the factors affecting the X-ray beam. [MUHS 1992] 4. What are the parts of an X-ray tube? Describe the working of the X-ray tube and add a note on Bremsstrahlung radiation. [RGUHS Mar 2004] 5. Describe the factors controlling X-ray beam. [TN Aug 2006] 6. Describe the construction and working of the X-ray tube. Add a note on collimation. [TN Apr 2003] 7. Write an essay on the production of X-rays, their properties, intraoral radiographs and their techniques. [TN Oct 2003] 8. Describe the parts of an X-ray tube and add a note on properties of X-rays. [RGUHS June/Jul 2010 (RS)]Oral radiology
Topic 1 Radiation physics
Long essays
Short essays
1. Principles of projection geometry. [RGUHS Jan 2008 (OS); MUHS May 2007]
2. Production of X-rays. [RGUHS Jul 2008 (OS), Jun/Jul 2010 (RS-2); TN Feb 2005]
3. Bremsstrahlung radiation. [RGUHS Jul 2008 (RS)]
4. Electromagnetic spectrum. [RGUHS Aug 2007 (RS-2); MUHS May 2005; TN Oct 1997]
5. Properties of X-rays. [RGUHS Aug 2006, 2005 (OS); MUHS 1988; NTR Oct 2006; TN Oct 1997]
6. Radiolysis of water. [RGUHS Aug 2006 (OS)]
7. Filtration. [RGUHS Aug 2006 (RS); NTRUHS Aug 2008]
8. Define ideal radiograph and discuss the factors affecting the X-ray beam. [MUHS 1992]
9. Definition of roentgen. [MUHS 1985]
10. Limitations of radiology. [MUHS 89]
11. Ideal requirements of target material. [MUHS 2000]
12. Requirements of a darkroom. [MUHS 2000]
13. Name the principles of shadow casting. [MUHS May 2002]
14. Name any four properties of X-rays. [MUHS May 2002]
15. Collimation and filtration. [RGUHS Apr 2003, Mar 2005; NTR Apr 2001; TN Aug 2006]
16. Types and uses of filtration. [RGUHS Mar 2004]
17. What are the properties of X-rays? Discuss the uses of OPG in dentistry. [RGUHS Aug 1988; BUHS Aug 1988]
18. Filters and collimation in radiography. [NTR-OR May 1987]
19. Bremsstrahlung radiation. [TN Feb 2005]
20. The role of fibre, gird and collimation in diagnostic radiography. [TN Apr 1996]
21. Diagnostic property of X-rays. [TN Nov 2001]
22. Rare earth substances. [NTR-UHS Jul 2011]
23. Electromagnetic spectrum. [NTR Mar 2009]
24. X-ray tube. [RGUHS June/Jul 2010 (OS), Dec 2010 (RS2)]
25. Diagnostic properties of X-rays. [MUHS 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2003]
Short notes
1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of an X-ray tube. [RGUHS Aug 2007 (RS)]
2. Inverse square law. [RGUHS July 2008 (OS)]
3. Filtration. [RGUHS Dec 2010 (RS2)]
4. Electromagnetic spectrum. [RGUHS Feb 2007 (RS), Dec 2010 (OS); MUHS 2005]
5. Collimation. [RGUHS Mar 2006 (OS); NTR Oct 2002; TN Apr 2000, Aug 2004]
6. Anode in X-ray machine. [NTRUHS Aug 2008]
7. Focal trough. [NTRUHS Aug 2008; MUHS Nov 2006]
8. Name any four properties of X-rays. [MUHS 2002]
9. Why is tungsten used as a target material in an X-ray tube? [MUHS 2002]
10. Define frequency. [MUHS May 2005]
11. What represents the particulate radiations? [MUHS May 2005]
12. Compton effect. [NTR Oct 2007]
13. Filtration of X-ray beam. [MUHS Jun 2004, May 2008; TN Apr 2001]
14. What is the line focus principle? [MUHS Jun 2004]
15. Write two uses of collimation. [MUHS May 2007]
17. Ionization. [RGUHS Dec 2010 (RS)]
18. Inverse square law. [RGUHS June/Jul 2011 (RS2)]
20. Collimation of X-ray beam. [RGUHS Aug 2005]
21. Radiology and roentgenology. [NTR-OR Oct 2001]
22. Generation of X-rays. [NTR-NR Apr 2005]
23. Characteristics of radiation. [NTR-OR Apr 1999]
24. Filters and collimators. [NTR-OR May 1993]
25. Collimators. [NTR-OR Aug 1997; TN Apr 1995]
26. X-ray tube. [NTR-GR Oct 1997; NTR-NR Oct 2001; TN Oct 1997]
27. Coolidge tube. [NTR-GR Apr 1998]
28. Resolution. [NTR-NR Oct 2004]
29. X-ray timer. [TN Oct 1996, Apr 1998]
30. Filtration in X-ray tube. [TN Oct 1996]
31. Uses and properties of X-rays. [TN Feb 2007, 2006]
32. Factors controlling X-ray beam. [TN Apr 2004]
33. Tungsten application in X-ray machine. [NTR-UHS Feb 2011]
34. Filtration and collimation in dental radiography. [MUHS 1987]
35. Filters and collimators. [TN Nov 2001, Oct 2003]
36. Filtration of X-ray beam. [MUHS 2004, 2008]
38. Electromagnetic spectrum. [TN Oct 1997]
39. Properties of X-rays. [RGUHS Mar 2006 (RS)]
Topic 2 Radiation biology, hazards of radiation and radiation protection
Long essays
1. What are the effects of radiation in the oral cavity? Write about osteoradionecrosis. [RGUHS Mar 2006 (RS)]
2. Describe radiation protection measures. [RGUHS Feb 2007 (RS)]
3. What are the biologic effects of radiation in the oral cavity. [RGUHS Mar 2006 (OS)]
4. Discuss radiation protection. [MUHS 1987, 1988, 2003, May 2007]
5. Discuss the biological properties of X-rays. [MUHS 1986]
6. What are the hazards of radiation seen on skin and bones? Discuss protection from radiation. [MUHS 1990, 1996]
7. What are the hazards of radiation seen on oral cavity and measures to protect operative from radiation hazards. [MUHS 2003]
8. Discuss adverse effects of therapeutic radiation on oral tissues. [RGUHS Apr 2003]
9. Enumerate the effects of radiation on oral tissues. Discuss the measures of radiation protection in dental radiology. [RGUHS Sep 2004]
10. Describe the radiation hazards in orofacial region and mention its preventive measures. [NTR-OR May 1993]
11. Discuss radiation hazards. Describe the various methods to protect the patient and operator from the hazards. [NTR-OR Apr 2001]
12. Enumerate hazards of radiation. Discuss the effects of radiation on oral tissues. [NTR-OR Apr 2000; RGUHS June/Jul 2011 (RS2)]
13. Discuss radiation protection. [NTR-NR Oct 2002]
14. Enumerate various techniques of taking intraoral radiography. Discuss the various procedures taken to protect the operator and the patient during radiography. [NTR-NR Oct 2006]
15. Mention radiation hazards affecting body. How would you protect from them while taking intraoral radiographs. [TN Oct 1996]
16. Discuss the effects of radiation on orofacial tissues. Write on the radiation protection measures in dental radiology. [TN Apr 2003, 2004, Aug 2006]
17. Write about the effects of radiation on the living tissues. Add a note on prevention and management of osteoradionecrosis. [TN Apr 2004]
18. Discuss the methods of radiation safety and protection of the operator, patient and public. [TN Aug 2005; RGUHS June/Jul 2011 (OS)]
19. Write an essay on the effects of ionizing radiation on the living tissues. Add a note on radiation safety. [TN Feb 2005]
20. Write on radiation hazards and the protective measures to be taken by the operator and the patient. [TN Apr 2001]
21. Discuss the different methods of radiation protection of the patient and personnel (operator) in oral radiography. [TN Apr 2001]
22. Write about harmful effects of radiation on body. [NTR Mar 2009]
Short essays
1. Radiation dosimetry. [RGUHS Jan 2008 (RS2); TN Oct 1997]
2. Osteoradionecrosis. [RGUHS Jul 2008 (RS), June/Jul 2011 (OS); NTRUHS Aug 2008; TN Nov 2001, Feb 2005]
3. Effects of radiation in the oral cavity. [RGUHS Aug 2006 (RS)]
4. Biological effects of radiation in oral cavity. [RGUHS Feb 2007 (OS)]
5. Thermoluminescent dosimeter. [NTR-NR Apr 2006]
6. X-ray monitoring devices. [MUHS 1986, 2000]
7. Dosimetry. [RGUHS June/ Jul 2011 (RS), Dec 2010 (OS)]
8. Radiation protection from X-rays. [MUHS 1991, 1993, 1997]
9. Radiation protection for the operator. [MUHS 1993, 1996; NTR Apr 1999; TN Oct 1999]
10. Radiation protection of patient. [MUHS 2002; NTR Apr 2005]
13. Enumerate the various means to reduce the exposure to the patient while taking diagnosis radiograph. [MUHS May 2002]
14. Write about osteoradionecrosis. [MUHS Oct 2002]
15. Clinical features and management of osteoradionecrosis. [RGUHS Sep 2002]
16. Postirradiation mucositis. [BUHS May 1986]
17. Treatment of postirradiation mucositis. [BUHS Aug 1992]
18. Types of the radiation caries. [RGUHS Aug 2005]
19. Write on radiation caries. [BUHS Sep 1994]
20. Write on radiation hazards in dentistry. [BUHS Apr 1987]
21. Describe radiation hazards and its prevention. [BUHS Aug 1995]
22. Protection from radiation hazards in dental radiography. [TN Oct 1997]
Short notes
1. Radiation mucositis. [RGUHS Aug 2007 (RS-2)]
2. Thermoluminescent dosimeter. [RGUHS Aug 2006 (RS); MUHS Oct 2004; TN Aug 2005]
3. Effects of radiation on developing tooth. [RGUHS Jul 2008 (RS2)]
4. Dosimetry. [NTR-UHS Aug 2008; NTR-OR Oct 1998; TN Oct 2000, Sep 2002, Feb 2005, Aug 2006; RGUHS June/ Jul 2011, 2010 (RS2)]
5. Enumerate the various means to reduce the exposure to the patient while taking diagnostic radiograph. [MUHS 2002]
6. Discuss radiation protection. [MUHS May 2005]
7. Measure to protect the patient from radiation hazard. [MUHS Jun 2006]
8. Discuss radiation protection. [MUHS May 2003]
9. Definition of erythema dose. [MTHS Jun 20004]
10. Film badge. [RGUHS May 1986; BUHS May 1986]
11. Postirradiation mucositis. [RGUHS May 1986]
12. Types of the radiation caries. [RGUHS Aug 2005]
13. Write on radiation caries. [RGUHS Sep 1994]
14. Treatment of postirradiation mucositis. [RGUHS Aug 1992]
15. Describe radiation hazards and its prevention. [RGUHS Aug 1995]
16. Write radiation hazards in dentistry. [RGUHS Apr 1987]
17. Osteoradionecrosis. [NTR-OR Mar 1991, Oct 1999; TN Feb–Aug 2005]
18. Radiation caries. [NTR-OR Oct 1998, Apr 2600, Oct 2001; TN Sep 2002]
19. Radiation hazards of jaws. [NTR-NR Apr 2002]
20. Hazards of radiation. [NTR-NR Apr 2006]
21. Radiation hazards of teeth, oral mucosa and the jaws. [NTR-NR Oct 2004]
22. Radiolysis of water. [RGUHS Aug 2006]
23. Effects of radiation in the oral cavity. [RGUHS Aug 2006]
24. Clinical features and management of osteoradionecrosis. [RGUHS Sep 2002]
25. Radiation protection. [NTR-OR May 1994]
26. Radiosensitive and radioprotective. [TN Feb 2007]
27. Definition of roentgen and erythema dose. [TN Sep 2002]
28. Limitations of radiography. [NTR Mar 2008]
29. Radioresistant cells. [RGUHS June/Jul 2010 (OS)]
Topic 3 X-ray films and accessories
Long essays
Short essays
1. Intensifying screens. [RGUHS Mar 2006 (OS), Jun/Jul 2011 (RS), (OS); MUHS 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003; NTR Nov 1994, Apr 1997, 1998, Oct 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005, Aug 2009; TN Apr 1995, 1996, Oct 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, Aug 2004, Feb 2005, 2006; RGUHS Dec 2010 (RS)]
2. Grid. [MUHS 1986, 1990, 2003; NTR Apr 1998, 2000, Oct 2001, 2002, 2005, Mar 2009; TN Apr 1995, Oct 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, Aug 2006; RGUHS June/Jul 2010 (RS)]
3. Radiographic film. [MUHS 2003; NTR Apr 1999, Oct 2002]
4. State the functions of lead foil in the X-ray film packet. [MUHS Jun 2006]
5. What is the function of grid? [MUHS May 2007]
6. Uses and types of grids. [RGUHS Sep 2002, 2003]
7. Composition and uses of intensifying screens. [RGUHS Apr 2003, Mar 2005; TN Aug 2005]
8. Composition and functions of intensifying screens. [RGUHS Mar 2004]
9. Types and uses of intraoral radiographs. [RGUHS Sep 2004]
10. Dental X-ray film. [TN Aug 2004]
11. Radiographic accessories. [RGUHS Jun/Jul 2010 (RS)]
12. Moving grid. [TN Oct 1998]
Short notes
1. Storage of X-ray films. [RGUHS Jan 2008 (RS)]
2. Composition of intensifying screen. [RGUHS Jan 2008 (OS)]
3. Composition of X-ray film. [RGUHS Sep 2002, Aug 2007 (OS), Dec 2010 (RS2)]
4. Describe the composition of X-ray film. [MUHS Oct 2002]
5. Give two advantages of paralleling technique. [MUHS 2003]
6. Speed of intraoral film. [MUHS 2006]
7. Enumerate types of grids. [MUHS Oct 2002]
8. What is grid? Where is it used? [MUHS Oct 2003]
9. Enumerate various types of intraoral films. [MUHS 2003]
10. State the functions of lead foil in the X-ray film packet. [MUHS 2006]
11. Advantages of bitewing radiographs. [MUHS 2008]
12. X-ray film. [RGUHS Feb 1991, Aug 1995; NTR Apr 1995]
13. Occlusal film. [RGUHS Mar 1995; NTR Apr 1996]
14. Intensifying screen. [RGUHS Mar 1995; NTR Oct 2007, Mar 2008]
15. Write notes on radiographic films. [RGUHS Aug 1993]
16. X-ray film packet. [NTR-NR Oct 2001]
17. Potter–Bucky diaphragm. [NTR-OR Oct 2001]
18. Composition of intraoral periapical film. [NTR-GR Apr 2001]
19. Occlusal radiograph. [NTR-GR Apr 2001]
20. Indications of occlusal films. [NTR-NR Apr 2006]
21. Features of an ideal intraoral periapical radiograph. [TN Feb 2007]
Topic 4 Processing of x-ray films
Long essays
1. What is the composition of radiographic film? Describe the mechanism of image formation. Add a note on the composition of developing and fixing solution and their functions. [NTR-NR Apr 2006; TN Aug 2005]
2. Write the composition and actions of developer and fixer used in dental radiography. [TN Apr 1998, Oct 2003]
3. Describe processing of X-ray films. [MUHS 1997]
4. Describe the formation of ‘lateral image’ and darkroom chemistry. [MUHS 1996]
Short essays
1. Composition of developer solution. [NTR Oct 2007]
2. Types of X-ray film processing. [RGUHS Feb 2007 (OS)]
3. Automatic processing. [RGUHS Jul 2008 (RS2); TN Apr 2003]
4. Developing solution. [NTRUHS Aug 2008; TN Apr 1996]
5. Composition and actions of developing solution. [TN Aug 2004]
6. Fixing solution. [MUHS 1988; NTR Mar 2008; RGUHS Dec 2010 (RS)]
7. Processing errors of radiographs. [MUHS 2002]
8. Composition and functions of developing solution. [RGUHS Mar 2004, June/Jul 2011 (OS); TN Aug 2006, Apr 2003]
9. Composition of fixer. [NTR Oct 2001]
10. X-ray fixing solution. [NTR-OR May 1994]
11. Automatic film processing. [NTR-NR Aug 2005, Apr 2006]
12. Processing of X-ray films. [NTR-NR Oct 2002]
13. Processing of an intraoral film. [NTR-OR May 1993]
14. Requirements of darkroom. [NTR-NR Oct 2001]
15. Composition and action of fixer solution. [NTR-OR Apr 2000; TN Apr 1999]
Short notes