Evidence-based standards of care and translational effectiveness in CERRAP. The figure conceptualizes the progression of CEERAP from primary research to systematic reviews and onward to complex systematic reviews and clinically relevant complex systematic reviews. Each step involves a higher complexity and stringency of research synthesis. As the patient-clinician encounter establishes the fundamentals of translational research from does clinical setting to biopsy and biological samples of the patient back to the clinical environment, the process of research synthesis, whence emerges the best available evidence of efficacy and effectiveness, also requires “translation” into specific clinical settings (i.e., translational effectiveness). Evidence-based decision-making hence depends and derives from the best available evidence, and responds to the patient’s needs and wants, in perfect accord to the clinician’s expertise and the payment modalities (e.g., insurance coverage). It is at that stage that standards of care are revised based on the best available evidence and hence become “evidence-based.” In the modality summarized in this figure, it becomes evident that evidence-based decision-making, which arises from CEERAP, is intertwined with evidence-based standards of care. This triad – CEERAP<−>evidence-based decision-making<−>evidence-based standards of care – signify and define the overarching concept of translational effectiveness, which has permeated through the various chapters of this compilation of writing, from evidence-based endodontics to evidence-based nursing