Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Definition Sleep-related breathing disorders constitute a spectrum of clinical entities with variations in sleep structure, respiration, and blood oxygen saturation. The spectrum ranges from mild…
Definition A number of procedures that are performed in dentistry may cause bleeding. Under normal circumstances, these procedures can be performed with little clinical risk; however, in patients whose ability…
Definition Disorders of white blood cells (WBCs) in dental patients can substantially influence clinical decision making as well as the delivery of care because WBCs constitute the primary defense against…
Definition On June 5, 1981, when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported five cases of Pneumocystis carinii (now jiroveci ) pneumonia in young homosexual men in Los…
Definition Women’s health is altered by pregnancy and by diseases unique to female anatomy and physiology. This chapter focuses on common conditions of women that require recognition and management by…
Defintion Organ transplantation is an integral component of modern medicine that has transformed the management of a wide variety of pediatric and adult medical conditions, in many cases providing long-term…
Kidney disease can be caused by acute (i.e., bacterial infection, obstruction in the urinary tract, or damage to the renal parenchyma) or chronic conditions. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is emphasized…
Definition Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and the inability to produce and/or use insulin. The disease is defined by abnormal…
Definition Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major global health problem. The worldwide burden is difficult to estimate across the more than 30 infectious diseases known to be transmitted through…
Tobacco use by smoking (cigarettes, cigars, pipes) or by smokeless products (chewing tobacco, snuff) is an addictive disease that continues to be a major public health problem. Smoking is the…
The liver has a number of key functions, including metabolism of the byproducts of food, detoxification of drugs, conversion of nitrogenous substances to be excreted by the kidneys, formation of…
Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is defined by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) as a complex clinical syndrome that can result from…
Cardiac arrhythmia refers to any variation in the normal heartbeat and includes disturbances in rhythm, rate, or the conduction pattern of the heart. Cardiac arrhythmias are present in a significant…
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease is the leading health problem in the United States and the world. Atherosclerosis is the thickening of the intimal layer of the arterial wall caused by…
Definition Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the heart or heart valves that most often occurs in proximity to congenital or acquired cardiac defects….
Hypertension is an abnormal elevation in arterial pressure that can be fatal if sustained and untreated. People with hypertension may not display clinical signs or symptoms for many years but…
The practice of dentistry continues to evolve, not only in techniques and procedures but also in the types of patients encountered. As a result of advances in medical science, people…
Highlights • Endodontic equipment may interfere with CIEDs. • The programming of CIEDs may increase their vulnerability to electromagnetic interference. • In dental office may occur cumulative effect of different…
Abstract Objectives Despite increasing evidence supporting selective caries tissue removal, the technique is not adopted by most dentists, one possible reason being that patients might reject it. We aimed to…
