Physical examination is the most important element of preoperative assessment and planning for both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. Reviewing photographic images with the patient can be helpful when discussing aesthetic…
The shape of the human face is composed of a skeletal bony framework that is covered by a soft tissue envelope. Overall, skeletal proportions are probably the most important component…
Key points • Diagnostic imaging is an essential component for the optimal management of maxillofacial trauma. • Plain film radiography has a limited role, today, in the diagnostic imaging of…
Key points • Virtual surgical planning allows the surgeon to operate more efficiently, reduces anesthetic duration and operating room costs, and enables visualization of anatomic structures during the presurgical planning…
Key points • The main objectives in treating naso-orbital-ethmoid (NOE) fractures include management of the medial canthal tendon to restore the intercanthal distance, restoration of collapsed nasal projection and orbital…
Key points • Skin expansion as an alternative for head and neck reconstruction. • Where to place expanders in the head and neck. • How to place expanders in the…
Key points • Principles of wound decontamination, not actual debridement of tissue, should be reinforced to prevent loss of anterior/posterior and/or horizontal projections of the soft tissue. • The permanent…
Key points • Orbital fractures are among the most common facial fractures sustained among adolescents and adults. • The surgical decision making in management of orbital fractures is largely dependent…
Key points • Rigid fixation for maxillofacial fractures has been in use for over the last 40 years. • The concept of rigid fixation uses hardware in the form of bone…
Key points • Most soft tissue wound closures may be performed in a delayed fashion with predictable results as long as wounds are decontaminated and kept clean and moist. •…
Key points • Mandibular trauma with or without condylar fractures can affect the temporomandibular joint. • Almost all condylar fractures in children and most of them in adults can be…
Key points • Nasal bone fractures are the most common facial fractures in adult patients with trauma. • The nasal complex comprises underlying nasal mucosa and turbinates, upper and lower…
Key points • An adequate understanding of the pertinent anatomy of the head and neck is necessary to successfully diagnose and treat injuries of the facial and trigeminal nerves. •…
Key points • To understand the variety of presentations of pediatric maxillofacial trauma. • To appreciate the effects of facial trauma on the growing facial skeleton. • To detail the…
Key points • Association between temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and sleep disturbances, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is well documented, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. • Comprehensive diagnostic workup is…
Key points • Congenital craniofacial abnormalities are rare but often correctable causes of obstructive sleep apnea. • Robin sequence and syndromic craniosynostosis are the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies associated…
Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has remained a reliable and highly effective surgical intervention since its introduction in 1989. Modifications have been made to…
Key points • The airway of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients has been shown to be smaller in the lateral dimension and retropalatal region. • Palatopharyngoplasty can be performed alone…
Key points • Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common disorder that affects 2% to 4% of men and 1% to 2% of women between the ages of 30…
Key points • Tongue base is one of the most common sites of upper airway obstruction in patients with persistent obstructive sleep apnea after removal of adenoids and palatine tonsils….
