Principles of Radiation Physics, Health, and Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. An atom is said to be neutral when:
10. The long BID (cone) is recommended when using the paralleling technique because we can:
15. When an 8-inch target-film distance is changed to a 16-inch target-film distance (kVp and mA kept constant), the exposure time should be:
22. A radiographic film is underexposed. In manual processing, which of the following manipulations will produce diagnostically acceptable radiographs?
23. Which of the following are the components of Farmer’s reducer that can be used to decrease the radiographic density (too dark) in a processed film?
31. Which of the following is the earliest clinical symptom for an individual exposed to a mid-lethal radiation dose sufficient to cause acute radiation syndrome?
32. Which of the following is a unit of radiation absorbed dose expressed in joules per kilogram of irradiated tissue?
34. For dental radiography, the recommended collimation of the radiation beam of the BID at the patient’s skin surface is:
41. At diagnostic levels, what percent of the electron energy is converted to x-radiation at the anode?
45. The x-ray beam of a standard non-constant potential x-ray machine consists of photons of many different wavelengths, with the shortest wavelength photons determined by:
47. In a standard dental x-ray unit, the quality of x-radiation produced during the exposure is controlled primarily by:
48. In a standard AC-type x-ray machine, a 0.5 (½) second exposure would produce how many impulses of x-radiation?
49. To reduce the amount of heat given off during x-ray production, the source of x-ray energy is surrounded by:
51. The efficiency of x-ray production in an x-ray generating tube (i.e., the percentage of electron kinetic energy converted to x-rays) is directly related to the:
59. The interaction in which the entire photon of x-radiation is removed from the beam by atomic interaction is known as:
64. Dental x-ray machines that use 65 kVp are required to have a half-value layer (HVL) equivalent to at least:
66. The radiation weighting factor is used in the determination of which of the following radiation units?
67. The unit of x-radiation measurement that deals with the absorbed energy per kilogram of tissue is the:
72. Which of the following does not control total magnification (includes penumbra) of the radiographed object?
79. The technique that shows the upper and lower crowns and associated alveolar bone on the same radiograph is called the:
80. If a satisfactory radiograph was produced using a target-film distance of 8 inches and an exposure time of 5 impulses, what would be the correct exposure time for a target-film distance of 16 inches?
86. The efficiency with which film responds to x-ray exposure is known as film sensitivity or film speed. Which speed range is the best for reducing radiation to the patient?
100. During the processing of Insight “F” speed film in the private dental office, which of the following is the most important source of film fog?
102. Theoretically the biologic response to a given dose of radiation would be greater (more severe) with:
105. In intraoral periapical radiography, which of the following is currently (2004) under consideration for abolition?